From a sociological perspective, explanations for Essay Example For Students

From a sociological perspective, explanations for Essay criminal- ity are found in two levels which are the subculture and the structural explanations. The sociological explanations emphasize aspects of societal arrangements that are external to the actor and compelling. A sociological explanation is concerned with how the structure of a society or its institutional practices or its persisting cultural themes affect the conduct of its members. Individual differences are denied or ignored, and the explanation of the overall collective behavoir is sought in the patterning of social arrangements that is considered to be both outside the actor and prior to him (Sampson, 1985). That is, the social patterns of power or of institutions which are held to be determinative of human action are also seen as having been in existence before any particular actor came on the scene. In lay language, sociological explanations of crime place the blame on something social that is prior to, external to, and compelling of any particular person. Sociological explanations do not deny the importance of human motivation. However, they locate the source of motives outside the individual and in the cultural climate in which he lives. Political philosophers, sociologists, and athropologists have long observed that a condition of social life is that not all things are allowed. Standards of behavior are both a pro- duct of our living together and a requirement if social life is to be orderly. The concept of a culture refers to the perceived standards of behavior, observable in both words and deeds, that are learned, transmitted from generation to generation and somewhat durable. To call such behavior cultural does not necessar- ily mean that it is refined, but rather means that it is cultured aquired, cultivated, and persistent. Social scientists have invented the notion of a subculture to describe variations, within a society, upon its cultural themes. In such circumstances, it is assumed that some cultural prescrip- tions are common to all members of society, but that modifica- tions and variations are discernible within the society. Again, it is part of the definition of a subculture, as of a culture, that is relatively enduring. Its norms are termed a style, rather than a fashion, on the grounds that the former has some endurance while the latter is evanescent. The quarrel comes, of course, when we try to estimate how real a cultural pattern is and how persistent. The standards by which behavior is to be guided vary among men and over time. Its is in this change and variety that crime is defined. An application of this principle to crimin- ology would find that the roots of the crime in the fact that groups have developed different standards of appropriate behavior and that, in complex cultures, each individual is subject to competing prescriptions for action. Another subcultural explanation of crime grows readily out of the fact that, as we have seen, social classes experience different rates of arrest and conviction for serious offenses. When strata within a society are marked off by categories of income, education, and occupational prestige, differences are discovered among them in the amount and style of crime. Further, differences are usually found between these social classes in their tastes, interests, and morals. Its is easy to describe these class-linked patterns as cultures. This version of the subcultural explanation of crime holds that the very fact of learning the lessons of the subculture means that one aquires interests and preferences that place him in greater or lesser risk of breaking the law. Others argue that being reared in the lower class means learning a different culture from that which creates the criminal laws. The lower- class subculture is said to have its own values, many of which run counter to the majority interests that support the laws against the serious predatory crimes. One needs to note that the indicators of class are not descriptions of class. Proponents of subcultural explanations of crime do not define a class culture by any assortment of the objective indicators or rank, such as annual income or years of schooling. Rise of the Superpowers (USA and USSR) EssayFrom this theoretical stance, the savagery of the urban gangster for example represents merely thenatural outcome of a failure in child upbringing. Similarily, on a simple level of explanation, manysociolo- gists and anthropologists believe that hostile behavior can be learned as easily as passivebehavior. Once learned, the codes of violence and impatient tendencies of the mind are their ownpositive values. Fighting and hating then become both duties and pleasures. For advocates of thissociopsychological point of view, it is not necessary to regard the barbarian whose words anddeeds laugh at goodness as having the same motives as more lawful per- sons. It needs noradical vision to agree that the school systems of Western societies presently provide pooraprenticeship in adult- hood for many adolescents. A poor apprenticeship for being grown up iscriminogenic. In this sense, the structure of modern countries encourages delinquency, for that structure lacks institutional procedures for moving people smoothly form protected childhood toautomonmous adulthood. During adolescence, many youths in affluent societies are neither wellguided by their parents nor happily engaged by their teachers. They are adult in body, but childrenin responsi- bility and in their contribution to others. Now placed in between irresponsibledependence and accountable independance, they are compelled to attend schools that do notthoroughly stimulate the interests of all of them and that, in too many cases, provide theuninterested child with the experience of failure and the mirror of denigration (Herrnstein). Educators are conceiving remedies. This engages a dilemmaa dilemma of the democraticeducators. They want equality and individuality, objectives that thus far in history have eludedsocietal engineers. Meanwhile, the metro- politan schools of industrialized nations make aprobable, but measurable, contribution to delinquency. Some crimes are rational. In such cases, thecriminal way appears to be the more effecient way of satisfying ones wants. When crime isregarded as rational, it can be given either a structural or a sociopsychological explanation. Theexplanation is structural when it emphasizes the conditions that make crime rational. It becomes asociopsychological explanation when it emphasizes the interpretations of the conditions that makecrime rational, or when it stresses the training that legitimizes il- legal activities. No one emphasisneed be more correctmore use- fulthan another. Conduct, lawful and criminal, always occurswithin some structure of possibilities and is, among n ormal people, justified by an interpretation ofthat structure. Both the interpretation of and the adaptation to a structure of possibilities are largelylearned. It is only for convenience that we will discuss the idea that crime may be rational as one ofthe structural, rather than one of the sociopsychological, explantions. The most obvious way inwhich a social structure produces crime is by providing chances to make money illegally(Herrnstein). Whether or not a structure elevates desires, it generates crime by bringing needs intothe view of opportunities. This kind of explanation does not say that people behave criminallybecause they have been denied legitimate opportunities, but rather it says that people break the law,particulary those laws concerning the definition of property, because this is a rational thing to do. the idea of rational crime is in accord with the common-sense assumption that most people willtake money if they can do so without penalty. Obviously there are differences in personality thatraise or lower resistance to temptation. These differences are the concern of thosesociopsychological explantions that emphasize the controlling functions of character. However,without attending to these personal variables, it is notable that the common human proclivity toimprove and maintain status will produce offenses against property when these tendencies meet theappropriate situa- tion (Ferrington). These situations have been studied by crimin- ologists in fourmajor contexts. There are, first, the many situations in civil life in which supplies, services andmoney are available for theft. Theft is widespread in such situations. It ranges from taking whatisnt nailed down in public settings to stealing factory tools and store inventories to cheating onexpense accounts to embezzlement. Second, t here are circumstances in which legitimate workmakes it economical to break the criminal law. Third, there are able criminals, individuals whohave chosen theft as an occupation and who have make a success of it. These expert thieves aresometimes affiliated with musclemen or organizers in a fourth context of rational crimes, thecontext in which crime becomes an economic enterprise fulfilling the demands of a market(Ferrington). Now specifically on these contexts, crime has been seen as a preferred livelihood. The conception of some kinds of crime as rational responses to structures indicates that in thestruggle to stay alive and in the desire to improve ones material condi- tion lie the seeds of manycrimes. some robbery, but more burglary; some snitching, but more boosting; some automobiletheft by juveniles, but more automobile transfers by adults represent a consciously adopted wayof making a living. All organized crime represents such a preference. The organization of largescale theft adopts new technologies and new modes of opera- tion to keep pace with increases inthe wealth of Western nations and changes in security measures. Such businesslike crime has beenchanging form craft crimes to project crimes involving big- ger risks, bigger takes, and morecriminal intelligence. Conversations with successful criminals, those who use intel- legence to planlucrative acts, indicate considerable satisfaction with their work. There is pride in ones craft andpride in ones nerve. There is enjoyment of leisure between jobs. There is ex- pressed delight inbeing ones own boss, free of any compelling routine. the carefree life, the irresponsible life, isappreciat- ed and contrasted with the drab existence of more lawful citizens. Given the low risk ofpenalty and the high probability of reward, given the absence of pangs of guilt and the presence ofhedonistic preferences, crime is a rational occupational choice for such individuals (Sampson). Ona level of lesser skill, many inhabitants of metropolitan slums are in situations that make criminalactivity a rational enterprise. Young men in particular who show little interest in school, but greatdistaste for the authority of a boss and the imprisonment of a predictable job, are likely candidatesfor the rackets. Compared to work, the rackets combine more freedom, money and higher status ata relatively low cost. In some organ- ized crimes, like running the numbers, risk of arrest is low. therationality of the choice of these rackets is therefore that much higher for youths with the requisitetastes. In summary, the structuralist emphasis on the criminogenic features of a stratified society isboth popular and persuasive. The employment of this type of explanation becomes political. If theanomie that generates crime lies in the gap between desires and their gratification, criminologistscan urge that desires be modified, that gratifications be increased, or that some compro- mise bereached between what people expect and what they are likely to get (Christiansen). The variouspolitical positions prescribe different remedies for our social difficulties. Radical thinkers use theschema of anomie to strengthen their argument for a classless or, at least, a less stratified society. Conservative thinkers use this schema to demonstrate the dangers of an egalitarian philosophy. Atone political pole, the recommendation is to change the structure of power so as to reduce thepressure toward criminality. At the other pole, the prescription is to change the publics perceptionof life. Criminologists are themselves caught up in this debate. The major tradition in socialpsychology, as it has been developed from sociologists, emphasizes the ways in which perceptionsand beliefs cause behavoirs. Between how things are (the structure) and how one responds to thisworld, the social psychologist places attitude, belief, and definition of the situation. The crucialquestion becomes one of assessing how much of any action is simply a response to a structure ofthe social world, and how much of any action is moved by differing interpretations of that reality(Sampson). Social psychologists of the symbolic-inter- actionist persuasion attempt to build abridge between the struc- tures of social relations and our interpretations of them and, in thismatter, to describe how crime is produced. BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Blumstein, Alfred. 1979. An Analysis. Crime and Delinquency 29(October): 546-60. 2. Christiansen, K.O. 1977. A Review of Studies of Crimin- ality. In Basesof Criminal Behavoir, ed. S.A. Mednick and K.O. Christiansen, p. 641, 654-669 New York:Gardner. 3. Ferrington, David P. 1991. Explaining the Beginning and Progress. In Advances inCriminological Theory, ed. Joan McCord, vol. 3, p. 191-199,New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction. 4. Freeman, Richard B. 1983. The Relationship Between Criminality and the Disadvantaged. Ch. 6In Crime and Public Policy, ed. James Q. Wilson, p. 917-991. San Francisco: ICS Press. 5. Herrnstein, Richard J. 1985. Crime and Human Nature. P. 359-374, New York: Simon andSchuster. 6. Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. P. 30-31, 89-102, Berkeley: Universityof California Press. 7. Sampson, R.J. 1985. Neighborhood Family Structure and the Risk ofVictimization. In The Social Ecology of Crime, ed. J. Byrne and R. Sampson, 25-46. New York:Springer-Verlag.

Attraction & Event Management-Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the role of events and attractions within the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Answer: All societies perform several festivities, rituals and public celebrations. It gives a feeling of togetherness and also it is seen as unique and destination image makers which helps in attracting the tourists. Festivals and events act as a catalyst which attracts the tourists, increasing their number (Yeoman et al. 2012). This essay mainly focuses on a particular event called Noche de Brujas or Night of the Witches - a three day celebration of the supernatural, which is held in Catemaco, Mexico on the first Friday of March. The event is one of the most original events. The streets become dark, as if spirits, witches, ghosts and demons have visited the place. The whole of Mexico is set up in a horror theme which draws the attention of a huge number of audiences. The specific objectives of the essay is to illustrate the type of the event, giving equal attention to its dimension and associated attractions, content, location, size, budget considerations, number of participants and the event stakeholders. Catemaco, a city in Mexico, is known as the Capital of Witchcraft, where one can easily get a cure for any curse or one can hire a witch to perform a curse on someone he/she dislikes. This tradition goes back to centuries, mixing several ancient beliefs and traditions and also voodoo practices. The concept of a witchcraft convention, hosted by a Bruja or a Shaman, began in the year 1970 (Pardo 2012). The concept of the event got stuck and now each year thousands of witches, wizards, healers, shamans and brujas from all parts of Mexico, perform a mass cleansing ceremony to get rid of their sins and last years negative energies. Magicians, fortune tellers, shamans, witches and prophets roam around the charming streets of Catemaco, Mexico. They perform supernatural things and give advises to the ones who contribute few pesos. The first weekend is marked with special ceremonies and gala events (Gonzalez-Paraiso 2014). Large number of tourists visit the place in order to get a glimpse of such other worldly event. There are several live music and dance performances which entertain the tourists all day long. Stalls are set up at various places, which sell amulets, trinkets, magical potions, healers and other kinds of spiritual items. If someone is willing to invest a little more then he/she can watch the black magic ceremony. Shamans are considered to be the most powerful ones to perform mass purification and the time after the event gets over is considered to be favorable. Serious worshippers of Dark Arts are offended with the people who have set up fake business to fool the tourists (Pardo 2012). The event has become more commercial, as the number of tourist heads is increasing every year. The budget is around 300,000 dollars approximately. The brujas offer a wide range of services to the visitors like card reading, advices, fortune telling and herbal remedies. Adventurous tourists get involved into the fun of the event Noche de Brujas, some witness the mass cleansing ceremony and others dare to take part in it (Yeoman et al. 2012). In the Vera Cruz region, the adventurers will find great mystery and diversity surrounding the lake side town. The mountains, green coastal plains and forests are full of ancient flavor which not only excites the tourists but also such experiences can send chills up someones spine. Moreover there is a mystical lake for boating, swimming and enjoying the natural beauty of the place. In the center of the wide six mile lake there are number of islands, one of those locally known as Monkey Island, which is named after a number of monkeys who had been imported there from Thailand, for scientific study (Martinez et al. 2017). Apart than these, there are small villages in the remote areas, lush tropical rain forest for experiencing rich tropics and unspoiled beaches. Tourists can take a mineral mud spa or have a spiritual way of cleansing in the rain forest of Reserva Ecolologica de Naciyaga (Everfest.com. 2017). The Noche de Brujas event brings in huge sum of money to the countrys economy. Over five thousand visitors, including rich and famous businessmen to national level politicians attends the event in the hope of getting cleansed from previous years sins and negative energies (Hawkes 2017). People dance, sing and enjoy the three daylong events, which brings refreshment to their daily work life. Tourists from different parts of the world attend the event for its uniqueness. This is because it is not promoted as a part of Halloween. It brings about three million pesos to the local economy, which is beneficial for the people of the country (Martinez et al. 2017). The event stakeholders are the hotel owners, residents, tourism managers, local council, stall owners and others who make huge business in this event. Huge number of tourists visits Catemaco at this time of the year. Hotel owners make huge profit by offering accommodation. Moreover, they buy several things from the stalls set up in the event, which helps the local owners earn money. Dark Arts practitioners earn a lot, as some tourists take part in the mass cleansing ceremony to experience the event (Lonelyplanet.com 2017). To conclude, the city of Catemaco is a strangely beautiful place. One can sense the strange and mythical atmosphere in every nook and corner of the place. Supercharged with superstitious beliefs and thick tropical air, this city is attractive in nature. March is the perfect time to travel to this magical part of the world, to witness the annual celebration of the place, that is, Noche de Brujas or Night of the Witches. Rich in great diversity and mystery, this place has loads to discover and for all the adventure lovers out there, missing this places supernatural aspects would be a great loss. References Everfest.com. (2017).Noche de Brujas 2018 in Catemaco, Mexico | Everfest. [online] Available at: https://www.everfest.com/e/noche-de-brujas-catemaco-mexico [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Gonzalez-Paraiso, R., 2014.Re-contextualizing Traditions: The Performance of Identity in Festivals of Huasteco, Jarocho, and Terracalenteno Sones in Mexico(Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison). Hawkes, L. (2017).The Noche de Brujas Festival in Catemaco Mexico. [online] Mexicolesstraveled.com. Available at: https://mexicolesstraveled.com/witchfest.htm [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Lonelyplanet.com (2017).Noche de Brujas: a guide to Mexicos Night of the Witches. [online] Lonely Planet. Available at: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/mexico/central-gulf-coast/catemaco/travel-tips-and-articles/noche-de-brujas-a-guide-to-mexicos-night-of-the-witches/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d2772267 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2017]. Martinez, M.L., Silva, R., Lithgow, D., Mendoza, E., Flores, P., Martnez, R. and Cruz, C., 2017. Human impact on coastal resilience along the coast of Veracruz, Mexico.Journal of Coastal Research,77(sp1), pp.143-153. Pardo, O.F., 2012. The Spectacular City, Mexico, and Colonial Hispanic Culture.Revista Hispnica Moderna,65(2), pp.243-244. Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S. and McMahon-Beattie, U. eds., 2012.Festival and events management. Routledge.

Wind Turbine SWOT analysis an Example by

Wind Turbine SWOT analysis Introduction of Distributed Energy Systems wind Turbines. Distributed Energy Systems have been doing wind turbine design for the past 30 years. They have patented a design named NorthWind 100 wind turbine which is a village-scale wind-turbine designed for distributed generation and isolated grid applications. The turbine is a cost-effective method to meet the energy requirements of smaller rural independent power producers and other such small-scale utilities (DESC p. 1-2) Brief history of company Need essay sample on "Wind Turbine SWOT analysis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab professionals:Who wants to write essay for me?Specialists propose: Writing Essay Papers Is Easier With UsHelp Write An Essay Online Cheap Essay Writing Custom Writing Service Custom Essay Company Distributed Energy Systems was formed in 2003 after Northern Power, a company incorporated in the year 1974 acquired Proton Energy established in the year 1996. The acquisition occurred in the month of may and in the month of December the directors and shareholders of both these companies voted for the creation of aa joint company known as Distributed Energy Systems (DESC p. 1-3) What are the core values? The core values of Distributed Energy Systems lies in its commitment to produce and provide energy to people requiring reliable environment-friendly produced power at any place (Reuters p. 2) Number of employees The company employs about 230 people in all (Google Finance) Core competencies Distributed Energy Systems primarily focuses on providing distributed power to various clients for both industrial and commercial purposes. The client list also includes the government who order complete energy systems. The company works on latest technologies like wind turbines, micro-turbines, hydrogen fuel and photovoltaic cells, gas turbines and reciprocating engines. The company uses these technologies to convert energy from various sources like biofuels, natural gas, sunlight, wind etc. into electrical energy. The company has till date installed over 800 systems in 26 countries. In addition to providing systems the company also provides maintenance and overhaul operation services. The products produced are both for stand-alone and grid connected purposes. (Reuters p. 1, 3) The environmental scan The environment of Distributed energy system is extremely competitive. There are certain areas of the business that would be directly affected by regulations line natural gas and oil. Apart from these, the other renewable sources of energy should not suffer too much except from the pressure from other oil or natural gas based energy systems producing companies. The political environment and stability would also affect these too areas most adversely, while the other areas may be considered to be relatively safe. While a multi-cultural environment has to be taken into account while designing products, yet the energy requirements and product cost affordability remains essentially the same for many countries. Unless the company wishes to expand in economically very weak countries, the culture should not pose a problem for it. The technological environment should be very strong if DESC wishes to survive in this business. The company needs a very strong R&D to stay ahead of its competitors and offer innovative solutions to its customers. Competition The company is positioned between the power equipment manufacturers and the commercial and industrial users, in terms of the supply chain. There have been many new entrants in the business which has led to a very competitive environment. The company competitors in addition to other systems integrators are also the distributors and manufacturers themselves. In addition there are many energy service related companies which it has to compete against like Encorn, PowerLight, GE Power Systems, Invensys etc. (Edgar Online p. 15) Some other competitors are the DTE systems, Plug Power Inc., IDACORP Inc., General Motors, United Technologies Corporation etc. (Google Finance) Financial Statistics The company has an yearly revenue of 44.6 million USD, with an yearly growth of 10.3%. The cost per share value is 0.234 with each share having a book value of 0.971USD (Yahoo Finance) Conclusion Distributed energy systems limited has a lot of potential to expand in newer countries. The chief advantage is the wide variety of energy area it operates in which reduces its reliability on a very stable environment related to any particular energy area. However, it would be advisable for the company to do market research related checking the preference and requirement of customers, which would be helpful in designing its marketing strategy. References DESC, Company History, 2007, DESC, Wind Turbines, 2007, Edgar Online, Distributed Energy Systems, Google Finance, Distributed Energy Systems Corporation, (DESC), Reuters, Distributed Energy Systems Corporation, (DESC), 2007, Yahoo Finance, Distributed Energy Systems Corporation, 2007

Stand Up for Smoke-Free Schools Essays

Stand Up for Smoke-Free Schools Essays Stand Up for Smoke-Free Schools Essay Stand Up for Smoke-Free Schools Essay Everyone knows the amount of danger that smoking poses to the health of both the smokers and the people that surround them. Everyone knows that after a decade or so of smoking, a smoker’s lung would look totally different from a nonsmoker’s lung.   Everyone knows that a smoker is susceptible to various diseases and illness caused by smoking.   This paper will argue for smoke-free schools not for the obvious reasons that smoking causes to a smoker’s health but for the bad effects that smoking also brings to its other victims- the nonsmokers.   This paper will delve into results of some of the studies that shows the terrible consequences that smoking has on people’s- smokers’ and nonsmokers’- health; these will serve as proofs to strengthen the argument for 100% smoke-free schools. While vast amounts of studies had already confirmed the life-threatening effects of smoking to the smoker’s health, an increasing number of researches are also establishing the link between secondhand smoking and various diseases that it brings to nonsmokers.   Secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoking or involuntary smoking, is a term used to define â€Å"a mixture of smoke breathed out by the smoker (mainstream smoke) and smoke released from the lit cigarette (sidestream smoke) (â€Å"Secondhand Smoke Hazards†).   Secondhand smoke contains carcinogenic and toxic substances such as nicotine, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde, which are sometimes in greater concentration than those found in the smoke inhaled by the smoker (â€Å"Secondhand Smoke Hazards†).   It has been linked to various to a variety of cancers, cardiovascular and cerebral diseases, respiratory diseases, as well as reproductive and developmental effects (â €Å"Secondhand Smoke Hazards†).   These findings are supported by an article published by the Medical College of Wisconsin, stating that â€Å"each year, an estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from coronary heart disease in adult nonsmokers are attributed to secondhand smoke† (â€Å"CDC Releases Data on Smoking Prevalence, Attitudes†). These are just some of the statistics that show how grave the effects of smoking are both to the smoking and nonsmoking public. Many people fall victim to passive smoking consciously and unconsciously.   Studies have established the dangers of secondhand smoking.   This is particularly true especially in the case of children whose lungs are smaller and more delicate than adults’. They are, thus, more seriously affected by the tobacco smoke and its chemicals. According to â€Å"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke,† a report done by the Surgeon General of the US Department of Health and Human Services, on average, children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than nonsmoking adults.   This is probably because adults are freer to choose whether to be or not to be with smokers, whereas children have to endure the company of their smoking parents or friends. Aside from the obvious health hazards that smoking brings to children, some studies have also shown that smoking and secondhand smoke affect children’s development and behavior. A new study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, illustrates how secondhand smoke could interfere with academic performance (Collins).   Secondhand smoke was said to lead to hyperactivity, reduced attentions span, as well as reduced language skills and academic achievement. Meanwhile, another research shows how and extended exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of dementia.   According to a study done by the American Academy of neurology, â€Å"people with [] a high lifetime or exposure to secondhand smoke were nearly two and a half times as likely to develop dementia [compared with] those with no secondhand exposure (â€Å"Secondhand Smoke Increases the Risk of Dementia†).   These results boost the increasing amount of data against smoking and secondhand smoke. With all of these evidences pointing to the health and developmental threats that smoking and secondhand smoke bring to children in particular, now is the time to start the end of smoking in pubic areas, including schools and daycare centers.   Dr. Richard Carmona, the surgeon general of the US Department of Health and Human Services, believes that the only way to protect one’s self as well as his/her loved ones is through 100% smoke-free environments (â€Å"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke†).   The separation of smoking and nonsmoking areas in most public places, which can lessen the exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke, prove to be inadequate.   This is because these areas still share the same ventilation systems, which means that the air that the smokers exhale can still find its way into the nonsmokers particularly in small and enclosed quarters. With this in mind, the US Department of Health and Human Services launched Healthy People 2010, â€Å"a comprehensive, nationwide health promotion and disease-prevention agenda designed to help improve the health of all people in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century† (â€Å"The Hazards of Secondhand Smoke†).   This campaign aims to increase people’s awareness of the hazardous effects of smoking as well as to reduce the smoking population in the United States.   It also seeks to encourage the passing of laws among the different states banning smoking in public places such as airports, terminals, hospitals, and schools and universities.   This crusade is met by enthusiasm as shown in a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stating that â€Å"high levels of public support exist, even among smokers, for smoke-free policies in many settings† (â€Å"CDC Releases Data on Smoking Prevalence, Attitudes†). While there are a lot of people and organizations who are in favor of smoke-free environments, there are also some who cannot imagine life without tobacco.   Smokers would say that smoking has also its share of benefits. For one, it causes relaxation and eases tension as well as stress.   Puffing a cigarette can have the same calming effect of a cup of tea or coffee for some.   Those who are pro-smoking bans, on the other hand, would argue that there are other healthier ways of relaxation aside from smoking, such as exercising, yoga, writing, and other artistic activities.   The lifelong harmful effects of smoking are not enough compensation for a moment of relaxation.   Meanwhile, smokers would also assert their right to smoke and to indulge in this kind of vice, saying that smoking is part of their â€Å"needs† as a person. However, other people- whether smokers or nonsmokers- also have the right to breathe clean and fresh air, and this will not be possible as long as there are people who taint the air with their secondhand smoke. Smoke-free environments- particularly daycare centers, schools, and colleges- would prove to be beneficial for everybody not only the children and nonsmokers but even smokers as well.   While it is true that exposure to secondhand smoke is possible anywhere, it wouldn’t hurt to start banning smoking from the place where children spend most of their time: schools.   By starting the good example of not allowing smoking here, the institution is doing the youth a favor of instilling in their minds the benefits of a healthier life without smoke. nbsp;

MANAGERIAL FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MANAGERIAL FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING - Essay Example Particularly focusing on the financial monitoring aspect of the company, Creative Ltd. requires additional accounting resources to ensure an optimum level of efficiency and transparency in its financial reporting activities. Accounting is the monitoring and controlling of all financial transactions that take place, or are liable to take place, and it provides a transparent view of where the company stands financially at any given point in time. However within itself, we can classify it into two major segments (1) Financial, and (2) Managerial. They are discernible as follows: remains balanced. These activities include recording financial transactions, posting the double entries to general ledger, maintaining and adjusting general ledgers, closing the books and preparing financial statements. Managerial Accounting is more about monitoring financial performance, conducting variance analysis, following through with revised targets. It also encompasses the forecasting of sales, revenues, costs, budgeting activities of the firm etc. Financial Accountancy is conducted for external stakeholders of the company such as investors, Stockholders, Debt Providers, Regulatory Bodies etc. whereas Managerial Accountancy is executed for decision making within the firm and the information is mostly employed by middle and upper level management of the company. Financial Accounting is solely based on the past performance of the company, while Managerial Accounting focuses on the current predicaments and the possible future outcomes based on the previous performance of the company. (Diffen Online) Financial Accountancy requires that the data be completely objective and verifiable, whereas in the case of Managerial Accountancy, the data need not be completely objective or verifiable. This is because financial accountancy is primarily an overview of how the company has performed, thus it must be backed by accurate and concrete figures. However,

Explain the differences between the regulation of abortion in the Essay

Explain the differences between the regulation of abortion in the United Kingdom and the United States of America; and speculate how any reforms may occur - Essay Example The first is when a woman’s pregnancy seems to be life threatening. The latter term refers to any significant risks to both the physical and mental health of the patient. The medical risk must be something assessed by two doctors if the pregnancy has exceeded twenty four weeks. In the event that the pregnancy would cause severe medical damage to a mother or that it happens to be a medical emergency, then consent from just one doctor is enough to terminate the pregnancy. 2 The second circumstance that would allow for an abortion in the United Kingdom is in the event that the unborn child will have extreme mental or physical abnormalities. The abnormalities must be certified by a medical practitioner. It should be noted that the above two restrictions apply in Wales, Scotland, and England but not in Northern Ireland. All in all, abortions in the UK are illegal except for medical reasons. In this country, abortion was legalised in the 1970s after the proverbial case of Roe v. Wade. However there are still numerous laws in place to regulate abortions so as to ensure that it is done well; the first among these are the TRAP laws. 3 These are laws are directed towards medical practitioners offering abortions and do not apply to other types pf practitioners. The government introduced this so that there could be greater safety in the process of conducting abortions. These laws mostly dwell on the way the abortion procedure is conducted rather than the choices made prior to the abortion. Consequently, the laws normally affect doctors rather than mothers but the effects are also felt by women. His first requirement in these laws is that doctors offering abortion services need to have a valid licence and failure to do so will result in fines. The other one is that the department of health can check on performance of procedures during any hour of operation, clinics are

Airports Are Perfect For Green Roofs Environmental Sciences Essay

Airports Are Perfect For Green Roofs Environmental Sciences Essay Because they occupy large amounts of space with huge expanses of pavement for parking, runways, and storage, and because they have many flat-roofed buildings, airports are natural choice for green roofs. Many major European airports have a tapestry of green roofs over terminals, concourses, parking buildings, maintenance buildings, and others structures. (Cantor, 2008). These green roofs provide benefits and respond to all of the environmental problems without jeopardizing airport security and passenger safety. Despite the network of green space that comes with these installations, there has been no increase in problematic bird populations or other animals that might interfere with aircraft operations or personnel. This achievement is due to careful initial selection of the plant materials, monitoring of the results, and adequate maintenance. Airport feature unique site design challenges that affect animal populations. Typically, airport surroundings include large areas of undeveloped lands. These areas, if not carefully managed, can come semi-natural and attract large birds, which can be sucked into jet engines with potentially disastrous results. Land use policies over many years have been developed to discourage animal populations from settling in these buffer areas. For examples, plants are selected that do not produce flowers, berries, fruits, or seeds that attract animals. Grass height is carefully regulated, as tall grass attracts rodents, which, in turn, attract birds of prey. Grass cut too low attracts birds such a geese. Furthermore, animal populations are dynamic, no static, and in the last several decades species such sea gulls and pigeons have increase dramatically, so that measures must be taken to discourage them. The design of green roofs at the airports must respond to all these concerns. Opinions in Europe regarding the implementation of green roofs at airport are not unanimous. Some experts are cautions, worrying , for examples, about the impact of large populations of sea gulls, as has occurred in urban areas of London. Some are concerned that plants species over a certain height are too welcoming to birds. A greenroofed building recently opened at the Copenhagen airport. Roofs spread with gravel seen to be more attractive to birds, particularly large species as gulls, than green roofs with low to medium-height vegetation. In the United States, more than 75% of recorded bird strikes causing damage to civil aircraft are waterfowl (32 percent), gulls (28 percent) and raptors (28 percents). One area of current research in London is focused on determining the minimum gravel size that can be used as substrate, but is too heavy for gulls to pick up. Carefully designed green roofs at airports present opportunities for mitigating many environmental problems without increasing the risk of bird collision. The Schiphol International Airport from Amsterdam have three buildings with extensive green roofs and two buildings with intensive green roofs. This network of green roofs has responded to the environmental challenges in differences ways, even with specially trained teams of dogs, which are used to chase away the birds (Cantor, 2008). Accidents: Birds are often sucked into jet aircraft engines, something that causes aircraft accidents resulting [in waste of economic resources and, sometimes,] in deaths (Hawthorne, 1980; Shaw, 1985). Similar to any airport landscaping, green roofs on buildings in the airport environment might attract wildlife hazardous to aviation and could increase the risk of birds-aircraft collisions. The OHare International Airport consisted of Sedum spp. for vegetation and birds were observed using the green roof itself. However, bird use of the green roof was minimal and appeared to be similar to use of adjacent buildings with traditional roofs. Although green roofs with vegetation types that offer forage and/or cover to birds might be attractive, the Sedum spp.-vegetated green roof in this study did not attract wildlife hazardous to aviation or increase the risk of bird strikes (Swearingin et al., 2008).[5] Large-scale green roofs are currently being planned and implemented at OHare International Airport (Chicago). [5] One of the largest green roofs in Spain, 54.000 m2, covers the parking area at Barajas Airport in Madrid. http://www.triton-chemicals.co.uk/prode1.php At the airport in Frankfurt (Germany), a 10-cm-deep green roof reduced noise levels by 5 dB (Dunnet and Kingsbury, 2004). (Velazquez, 2005): Airports occupy and consume huge areas of land mass, destroying ecosystems and creating massive urban heat islands of impermeable, hot surfaces. The resulting loss of natural greenspace greatly impacts stormwater management, loss of habitat and biodiversity, creates noise, air and water pollution, and on a large scale, contributes to global warming. Numerous ecological advantages of extensive greenroofs could help to mitigate each and every one of these environmental problems. [security and safe concerns]. The recreated and natural areas of runways and surrounding fields are designed to avoid attraction of birds, which many times get drawn into jet engines creating a potentially hazardous and life threatening situation. To date, airport authorities outside of Europe have been hesitant to consider vegetated roofs mainly for fear of attracting birds. However, many airports in Europe have successfully constructed greenrooffs atop parking garages, hangers, and even ter minal building, without increasing their yearly number of bird strikes. This paper attempts to address some of the potential barriers to greenroofs, in particular the real dangers of attracting birds. International airports having greenroofs: Schipho (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Frankfurt (Germany), and Kloten (ZÃ ¼rich, Switherland). *** Most public-use airports have large tracts of open, unimproved land that are desirable for added margins of safety ad noise mitigation. Birds use airfields as a biotope for habitat, nesting and finding food and different species will dictate different habitat preferences. Bird strikes on airfields may only be minimized by identifying the ecological conditions that attract birds to an airfield and then using habitat deterrence methods to make the airfield less attractive for species relevant to flight safety. Even given greenroofs ability to reduce stormwater infrastructure and other concerns, to date airport authorities outside of Europe have been hesitant to consider vegetated roofs mainly for fear of attracting birds. However, many airports in Europe have successfully constructed green roofs atop parking garages, hangers, and even terminal buildings, without increasing their yearly number of bird strikes. In Germany there are thousand of square meter of green roofs on airport buildings. Within Germany are various airport greenroofs at Stutgart the new airport of MÃ ¼nich, Bremen, and DÃ ¼sseldorf. France has greenroofs at Charles De Gaulle in Paris, Paris Orly International Airport and Bordeaux. I have also seen and airport terminal greenroof in Milan, Italy and more exist. [more] After security issues, noise abatement, air quality, and preservation of greenspace are the top environmental concerns of area residents and airports management. Schiphol IA, Amsterdam: Total airport area greenroofed at AMS and Schipholrijk neighbourhodd: 93,730 m2. Number/area of extensive greenroofs: 3/13,330 m2. Because airports occupy large quantity of space with huge expanse of pavement for parking, runways, and storage, and because they have many flat-roofed buildings, this installations are natural choice for green roofs (Cantor, 2008). Many major European airports have a tapestry of green roofs over terminals, concourses, parking buildings, maintenance buildings, and others structures. (Cantor, 2008).